1-1. Introduction

1-2. Today’s Scene

1-3. Heungseon Daewongun and His Politics and Policies

1-4. Daewongun’s Policies to Strengthen the Authority of the Throne

1-5. The French Disturbance of 1866, the American Disturbance of 1871, and the Isolationist Policy

1-6. Politics after Daewongun Stepped Down from His Seat of Power

2-1. Today’s Scene

2-2. Ganghwa Island, the Last Line of Defense

2-3. Ganghwa Island, the Place to be Attacked First

2-4. Relationship between Korea and Japan before the Meiji Restoration

2-5. Relationship between Korea and Japan after the Meiji Restoration

2-6. Meaning of Autonomy According to the Sinocentric Order and International Law

3-1. Today’s Scene

3-2. Efforts of the Joseon’s Government from the 1870s to 80s

3-3. Consequences of the Military Mutiny of 1882, Japanese interests, and Chinese interests

3-4. Formation of the Enlightenment School and the Coup d’état of 1884

3-5. A Three-Day Regime and Its Aftermath

4-1. Today’s Scene

4-2. Changes in Qing’s Policies towards Joseon Before and After the 1880s

4-3. Qing’s Imperialism

4-4. Joseon’s Diplomatic Endeavors (1): Attempt to Make a Secret Agreement with Russia

4-5. Joseon’s Diplomatic Endeavors (2): Sending Diplomatic Envoys to the US

5-1. Today’s Scene

5-2. Jeon Bongjun

5-3. The Roles of Eastern Learning and Confucianism in the Peasant War of 1894

5-4. The Peasant War of 1894 and the First Sino-Japanese War

5-5. Gobu County, Regional Order of East Asia, and the Modern World System

6-1. Today’s Scene

6-2. Uneasy Beginning of the Gabo Reform and Its Development

6-3. The Queen Murdered Inside the Palace and the King Who Escaped from the Palace

6-4. Before the Proclamation of the Korean Empire

6-5. Despotic Authority and Responsibilities of the Emperor

7-1. Today’s Scene

7-2. Before the Establishment of the Independence Club

7-3. Transition to Public Debates

7-4. Conspicuous Features That Appear during the Political Movements

8-1. Today’s Scene

8-2. Heated Competition between Russian and Japan (1): Until the King’s Removal to the Russian Legation

8-3. Heated Competition between Russian and Japan (2): Before the Outbreak of the War

8-4. The Russo-Japanese War

8-5. Ways to Memorize the Year of Eulsa

10-1. Appeals to the International Society

10-2. The Last Scene and Conclusion