1-1. Patterns of the International Order in Northeast Asia

1-2. China: The Ming Order

1-3. Joseon: Long-term Stability Within the Ming Order

1-4. Japan: The Warring States Period and Unification

2-1. Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Motivations for the Invasion

2-2. Early Course of the War (1592)

4-1. The Peace Negotiations, 1593-1596

4-2. Hideyoshi's Second Invasion, 1597-1598

4-3. The Withdrawal of Japanese Forces and the End of the War

5-1. The Reality of the Joseon-Ming Relationship during the War

5-2. Aftermath of the War

6-1. The Struggle for Hegemony on the Continent and the Korean Peninsula: A Diachronic Overview via Maps

6-2. The Rise of Later Jin and the Liaodong War, 1621-1644

6-3. Joseon, Caught Between Ming and Later Jin

6-4. The Red Line, Joseon's Diplomatic Debate

6-5. The Injo Restoration and the New Diplomatic Policy

7-1. The Outbreak and Course of the First Manchu Invasion of 1627

7-2. The Contents of the Manchu-Korean Pact of 1627

7-3. The Reason for Later Jin's Invasion of Joseon as Seen Through the Pact

7-4. Unstable Peace, Rising Tensions Between Joseon and Later Jin

7-5. Joseon's Dilemma: Who Betrayed Ming More Severely?

8-1. The Signs of War and Joseon’s Choice

8-2. The Course of the War and the Mountain Fortress of Namhansanseong

8-3. The Course of the Negotiation

9-1. The Perception of the Manchu Invasions of Contemporary People

9-2. Namhansanseong, The Essence of the Dilemma

9-3. The Essence of the Dilemma, The Issue of National Identity

10-1. Manchu Conquest of China

10-2. The Dilemma of the Han Chinese and Their Adaptation

10-3. Joseon's Dilemma and Countermeasures

10-4. Cases in Japan

10-5. Conclusion